This report presents a comparative analysis of social enterprises across 29 European countries, synthesising findings from national mappings. It examines social enterprises’ definitions, legal forms, governance, financial models and policy support. While acknowledging the growing recognition of social enterprises, the report identifies persistent challenges such as fragmented legal frameworks, limited access to finance and weak ecosystem support. It also documents diverse hybrid models, participatory governance and inclusive employment practices. The synthesis highlights the role of social enterprises in addressing social exclusion and promoting inclusive growth and offers recommendations for strengthening legal clarity, financing tools and capacity-building infrastructure.
